Free-living capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in an urban area in Brazil: biochemical and hematological parameters

Capybaras have found favorable conditions for survival and reproduction in green urban environments. In recent years, the population of these large rodents has been increasingly abundant in several brazilian cities such as Uberlândia, a municipality of the southeastern region with a Cerrado biome. Capybaras are important in the Brazilian Spotted Fever epidemiological chain, by amplifying infection rates of the vector population. However, knowledge of this host's physiology is scarce. Thus, the aim of this work was to describe hematological and biochemical parameters of free-living capybaras groups in urbanized areas in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Capybaras were captured in 4 different locations of Uberlândia city, Minas Gerais state, including 1 Condominium (P1), 1 Private Market Garden (P2), 1 Private Club (P3) and 1 Municipal Park (P4). The animals were baited into an octagonal iron corral and chemically contained with anesthetic darts. After sedated, blood was collected from the femoral vein in tubes with and without EDTA. Biochemical evaluation, hematological analysis with differential leukocyte counts and search for Dirofilaria sp. were done. The blood count and biochemistry values obtained from animals of different ages, sex and sectors (P1, P2, P3 and P4) were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, considering 95% significance. Values that had a normal distribution were subjected to ANOVA tests followed by Student's t-test. Values that did not follow normality were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test, to obtain a P-value, with a significance level of 95%. A total of 19 capybaras were captured: 4 in P1, 6 in P2, 4 in P3 and 5 in P4. From the 19 animals, 13 were females (68.42%) and 6 were males (31.57%), 12 adults (63.15%) and 7 juveniles (36.84%). Apart from occasional skin scars and moderate to intense Ambyomma spp. tick infestations, all captured animals were healthy on a broad examination. From 5 animals captured in P4, despite the use of anticoagulant, blood from 4 animals clotted fast. No microfilariae were found in the thick drop test in any of the 19 animals sampled, and in 2 adult female capybaras captured in P1, Kurloff cells were observed. Hematological and biochemical values presented no major differences when comparing sex and age. Nevertheless, differences in liver and kidney profile were observed between the capybara groups, including ALT, alkaline phosphorus, BUN and creatinine. Blood from 4 animals clotted fast, despite the use of EDTA tubes. Blood clotting of samples with anticoagulant in this work could be associated with some physiological features inherent to capybaras. Many attempts were required to obtain enough blood from each individual due to the rapid hemostasis, what come in accordance with reports in literature. Kurloff cells were observed in 2 adult female capybaras captured in P1, which can be found in peripheral blood of female rodents during follicular phase of estrous cycle. Hematological and biochemical values differences in liver enzymes such as ALT and alkaline phosphorus, and kidney profile enzymes including BUN and creatinine could be associated to capture stress or dietetic variation between groups. Despite statistical relevant, the values were still in accordance with other works, although comparisons should be done with caution since various environments exert a diverse array of stimulus upon the animals such as parasitic, infective, stress, nutritional, social and undoubtedly blood parameters mirror them. In conclusion, this work contributes to the standardization of free-living capybaras' physiological parameters in urban areas.(AU)

The intensities of various forms of physical activity in physical education programs offered by universities for female students

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various forms of physical activity (PA) among female students in physical education (PE) programs offered by universities in Poland, Hungary, and the United Kingdom. Methods: Two hundred full-time female university students (mean age: 19.93±0.82) enrolled in various PA programs. The participants' anthropometric traits were measured, and their body composition parameters were determined with the InBody analyzer. Based on the students' physiological parameters, the effectiveness of various types of PA was measured with Suunto Ambit3 peak heart rate monitors during 60 minutes of physical exertion. Results: The average values of body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), percent body fat (PBF), waist-hip ratio (WHR), visceral fat level (VFL), and obesity degree were significantly (p<0.05) lower among students who participated in jogging followed by sauna (JFBS), performed martial arts and attended general physical education (PE) classes. Physiological parameters were the highest in the martial art group, followed by JFBS and swimming groups, and they were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the values recorded in other PA groups (golf, aerobics, general PE classes, cycling, and individual training). Physiological parameters were significantly (p<0.05) lower among students who played golf and trained individually. Conclusions: Martial arts, JFBS, and swimming were the most effective types of PA among female university students. Students performing martial arts and JFBS had relatively lower body fat levels, whereas students who practiced swimming had the highest body fat levels in the population sample.

Effectiveness of healthy eating and active lifestyle intervention program on physiological parameters among children with obesity

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of Healthy Eating and Active Lifestyle Intervention Program (HEALIP) on physiological parameters among children with obesity.Methods: True experimental research design was adopted with 200 children between the age group of 12-18 years who met the inclusion criteria from four different schools in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Samples were allocated into experimental group (n=100) and control group (n=100) by random sampling technique. Children were screened for weight, height, body mass index, and blood pressure were measured before as well as after the intervention. Healthy eating and active lifestyle intervention program were administered for the experimental group for 16 weeks, whereas the control group received routine practices. Post-test was conducted at the end of the 16th week for the both groups. Data were analysed using SPSS.Results: There was a difference in the pre-test systolic blood pressure (128.4'1.3) and post-test (118.6'0.7) and in the pre-test diastolic blood pressure (78.8'0.6) and post-test (72.8'0.6) mean value in the experimental group and found statistically significant at the level of p <0.001. It was also observed the significant difference between the experimental and control group.Conclusions: The finding of the study concluded that healthy eating and active lifestyle intervention program has proved the beneficial effect in maintaining the physiological parameters. Hence, it was concluded that there is a need to educate the children about the obesity and its complications. The study findings ensure that periodic monitoring of the basic physiological parameters among obese children will prevent the furthermore complications.

Effect of Heat Stress on Physiological and Hemato-biochemical Profile of Cross Bred Dairy Cattle

The present study was done to see the effect of heat stress on blood parameters in dairy cattle. Dairy cows of similar physiological status were selected. Blood samples were collected and analyzed based on the temperature-humidity index (THI). Blood samples were collected and analyzed for packed cell volume PCV(%), red blood cell count RBC count, white blood cell count (WBC) and hemoglobin (Hb). Significant rise in physiological parameters such as respiration rate (RR), pulse rate, was observed. Hematobiochemical parameters such as red blood cell count (RBC), (WBC), (PCV%), (Hb), Cholesterol, creatinine, ALT, AST, Cortisol and BUN were increased. From the present study it can be concluded that THI is a sensitive indicator of heat stress.

Intervención del ser humano en el proceso de destete de cabritos lecheros: parámetros fisiológicos y comportamiento animal

La intervención de los seres humanos en los procesos de cría y recría en animales de producción pueden tener diferente impacto en virtud al tipo, momento y duración de la misma. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar si existen cambios en parámetros fisiológicos, sanguíneos y de comportamiento en cabritos Saanen en función al tipo de crianza, 10 criados con sus madres (CT) vs. 10 criados artificialmente (CA), en las etapas de lactante y recría. Semanalmente se midió: frecuencia cardiaca (FC), temperatura rectal (TR), frecuencia respiratoria (FR), predisposición a ser atrapado y actitud de patear. Previo se tomaron 10 ml de sangre para realización del leucograma. El diseño experimental fue el de mediciones repetidas en el tiempo. Los datos fueron analizados a través del programa InfoStat. Ni entre periodos ni entre tratamientos se detectaron diferencias significativas para FC como TR. En ambos periodos a los animales del CT resultó más difícil atraparlos (lactante: p<0,0001, recría: p<0,0020). En la etapa de lactantes la cantidad de animales que pateaban fue superior (p<0,05) en CT, mientras que en recría no existieron diferencias. Durante la etapa de lactantes los conteos de neutrófilos del grupo CT fueron mayores (p<0,0001) y los de linfocitos menores (p<0,0001). Durante recría se hallaron diferencias (p<0,0001) entre grupos y la relación neutrófilos/linfocitos fue superior (p<0,0001) en un 50% en los CT. En función a lo obtenido es posible concluir que si bien existe un grado de estrés cuando el animal no habituado al ser humano se enfrenta a éste en manejos que ameriten su captura, el contacto en etapas tempranas permite aumentar el nivel de docilidad a la vez facilita la ejecución de tareas rutinarias.

Human intervention in breeding and rearing processes may have different impact in animals related to the type, moment and duration. The aim of the study was to evaluate if there are changes in physiological, blood and behavioral parameters in Saanen kids according to type of type of breeding, 10 raised with their mothers (CT) vs. 10 artificially reared (CA), in pre-weaning and post-weaning stages. Heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (TR), respiratory frequency (FR), predisposition to be caught and kicking attitude were measure once a week. Prevously, 10 ml of blood was collected for leukogram determination. Experimental design was repeated measurements in CRD. Data were analyzed by InfoStat program. Neither between periods nor between treatments were significant differences detected for HR as TR. CT animals were more difficult to catch in both periods (pre-weaning: p <0.0001, post-weaning: p <0.0020). In pre-weaning stage the number of animals that kicked was higher (p <0.05) in CT, whereas during rearing period there were no differences. During pre-weaning, neutrophil counts of the CT group were higher (p <0.0001) and lymphocytes lower (p <0.0001) than in rearing stage. During rearing differences were found (p <0.0001) between groups and the neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio was higher (p <0.0001) by 50% in the TC. It is possible to conclude that although animals can become stressed when caught; contact with humans in early stages allows increasing the level of docility and, at the same time, facility the execution of routine tasks.

Analysis and measurement of blood physiological and biochemical parameters in Tibetan chickens bred in Guangzhou / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To investigate and analyze the characteristics of blood physiological and biochemical parameters of Tibetan chickens bred in Guangzhou. Methods Blood samples of Tibetan chickens bred in Guangzhou were collected,and the physiological and biochemical parameters were measured. Results (1)The blood RBC,PLT,PDW, RDW-SD and P-LCR were not significantly different in the males than females(P > 0.05).(2)HCT(P < 0.05), MCHC(P< 0.05),MPV(P< 0.05),HGB(P< 0.01),MCV(P< 0.01)and MCH(P< 0.01)were significantly higher between the males and females.(3)RDW-CV was significantly lower in the blood physiological parameters of males than females.(4)AST,TRIG,ALKP,ALT,Ca,CHOL,CREA,GLU,PHOS and TBIL were not remarkably different in the blood of males than females(P > 0.05).(5)The blood AMYL(P < 0.05)and TP(P < 0.01)were significantly higher in the males than females.(6)The blood ALB(P< 0.01),UREA(P< 0.05), and GLOB(P<0.01)were significantly lower in the males than females. Conclusions The essential data of blood physiological and biochemical indexes of Tibetan chickens bred in Guangzhou are obtained.

Observation of several physiological indexes of rhesus monkeys by implantable telemetry technology / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To observe the changes of circadian characteristics and stress-response-related physiological parameters including respiration, blood pressure, electrocardiography and body temperature of conscious rhesus monkeys by implantable telemetry technique. Methods Surgery was performed on 8 rhesus monkeys (half male and half female, 3-5 years old) for implantation of a telemetry transmitter. After 3 weeks of recovery, the physiological parameters of respiration, blood pressure, electrocardiography and body temperature of the conscious rhesus monkeys without binding were automatically recorded by a DSI telemetry system and the data were analyzed by the Ponemah software. Results Some electrocardiographic indexes showed significant differences at daytime and nighttime (P＜ 0. 05 or P＜ 0. 01) including mean heart rate (HR) ( 155. 0-122. 4 times/min), respiratory rate interval (RR-I) (410. 8-535. 7 ms), T-wave amplitude (T-A) (0. 181-0. 157 mV), PR interval (PR-I) (80. 4-87. 4 ms), QT interval (QT-I) (224. 8-263. 9 ms), and corrected QTcb interval (QTcb) (352. 3-366. 7 ms). The indexes of blood pressure and respiration at daytime were significantly higher than those at nighttime (P＜ 0. 01), including the mean systolic pressure (SYS) at daytime and nighttime (144. 6-131. 6 mmHg), diastolic pressure (DIA) (99. 8- 89. 9 mmHg), mean arterial pressure (MAP) (121. 5-110. 2 mmHg), tidal volume (TV) (64. 5-36. 6 mL), minute ventilation (MV) (1931. 9-920. 1 mL/min), and respiratory rate (RR) (32. 3-25. 4 times/min). Cleaning and feeding activities of the laboratory staff at 9: 00 a.m. and 2: 00 p.m. had a certain effect on the stress-responses in the monkeys. Conclusions The parameters of respiration, blood pressure, electrocardiography and body temperature of the conscious rhesus macaques observed by implanted telemetry system show obvious circadian changes, which can truly reflect the changes of physiological indexes at daytime and nighttime, and avoid the stress in hungry monkeys caused by the feeding and cleaning activities of laboratory staff. This technique can improve the efficiency of drug safety pharmacology studies, reduce the number of animals used and meet the requirements of 3R principles.

Non-invasive non-contact physiological parameters monitoring system based on Arduino / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To design a non-invasive non-contact physiological parameters monitoring system to realize physiological status real-time monitoring. Methods The system was developed with Arduino hardware and its integrated development environment,high-precision high-sensitivity GY-MCU90615 infrared thermometric module and Si1143 heart rate and blood oximeter module,which was composed of five parts of physiological parameters acquisition,development platform,COM port transmission, network transmission and data terminal. Results The desired requirements were met by continuous, non-invasive,non-contact and accurate monitoring of body temperature,oxygen saturation and heart rate.Conclusion The system gains advantages in design and convenience, and thus is worthy promoting for physiological parameters monitoring in the hospital,geracomium and home.

Identificação de dor após orquiectomia em garrotes: desenvolvimento de escala análogo visual em comparação a parâmetros fisiológicos, padrões comportamentais e expressão facial / Pain identification after orchiectomy in young bulls: development of the visual analogue scale compared with physiological parameters, behavioral patterns and facial expression

A identificação de dor em bovinos e seu alivio, são essenciais para o bem estar animal, todavia ainda não há um teste ideal para esta avaliação. Alguns pesquisadores têm utilizados cortisol sérico e frequências cardíaca e respiratória para esta avaliação, enquanto outros utilizam escalas baseadas em comportamento ou expressões faciais, não existindo uma escala que leve em consideração a união destes identificadores para bovinos. Além disso, a maioria dos pesquisadores manipulam os animais para identificar a dor, o que poderia mascarar os resultados. Desta maneira o presente trabalho propôs elaborar e validar uma escala análogo visual para identificação de dor em bovinos submetidos à orquiectomia. Para tanto 8 bovinos holandeses de 200 dias de vida e 250 kg de peso vivo foram submetidos a orquiectomia com previa anestesia local e uso de analgésicos. A identificação de dor foi baseada em analises fisiológica (cortisol sérico e frequência respiratória), comportamental, de expressão facial e análogo visual nos momentos -30 (30 minutos antes do procedimento) e 1, 3, 6 12, 24, 72 e 420 horas após o procedimento; e com a exceção do cortisol, todas as analises foram realizadas sem a interferência do avaliador com o animal, por meio de filmagens de vídeos. Notou-se que todas as metodologias propostas foram capazes de identificar dor pós orquiectomia em bovinos, no entanto a graduação de maior dor foi em momentos pós-cirúrgicos distintos conforme o parâmetro avaliado. Assim houve fraca correlação entre os modelos propostos, pois se encontrou limitações para a maioria das metodologias avaliadas, concluindo-se que a associação entre os vários parâmetros de dor, tal qual o utilizado na escala análogo visual, aumenta a acurácia em identificar a dor após orquiectomia em bovinos.(AU)

The identification of pain in cattle and your relief, are essential for animal welfare, however there is still no ideal test for this evaluation. Some researchers have used serum cortisol, heart and respiratory rates for this assessment, while others use scales based on behavior or facial expressions. However, doesn't exist but a scale that takes into account the union of these identifiers for cattle. Furthermore, most researchers manipulate the animals to identify pain, which could mask the result. In this way, this paper proposed design and validate a visual analog scale for pain identification in cattle undergoing orchiectomy. For this, 8 Holstein calves with 200 days old and 250kg live weight were submitted to orchiectomy with local anesthesia and analgesics. The identification of pain was based on physiological analysis (serum cortisol and respiratory rate), behavioral, and facial expression in the visual-analogue -30 (30 minutes before surgery) and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 72 and 420 hours after the procedure; and with the exception of cortisol, all analyzes were performed without the interference of the appraiser with the animal, by videos. It was noted that all the methods proposed were able to identify post orchiectomy pain in cattle, however the degree of pain were higher in different post-surgical times. There was poor correlation between the proposed models, because it was found limitations for most assessed methodologies. We concluded an association between various parameters of pain, as visual analogue scale, can increase the accuracy to identify pain orchiectomy in bulls.(AU)

Parameters for the standardization of chlorophyll and assessment of PS II quantum efficiency for avocado (Persea americana Mill) / Parâmetros para a estandarização de índices de clorofila e da eficiência quantica do PS II em abacateiro (Persea americana Mill)

The standard physiological parameters for assessing stress physiology, of plants, such as chlorophyll index and photosystem II fluorescence, are essential for measuring reactions of plants to stress conditions. To help standardize the parameters for chlorophyll indices of chlorophylls a, b, and total and the fluorescence of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), which are physiological indicators of stress conditions, 6-mo-old seedlings of Persea americana Mill. cv. 'Duke7' and 'Toro canyon', were evaluated under shade house conditions. For each plant, chlorophyll indices were measured from the second through the fourteenth fully expanded leaves. Fluorescence was measured in the third, fifth, seventh, and ninth fully expanded leaf, and determined in function of both, time and intensity of the exposure light source, and the time for dark pre-acclimation of the leaf; was also compared right and left sides of the leaves. Chlorophyll indices were not different between the left and right sides of the leaves, but were different between varieties with 'Duke 7' having the highest value from the eighth leaf, while leaves tested for 'Toro canyon' did not show a difference. For Fv/Fm, there was an interaction among the three factors in both cultivars. A prolonged exposure time (nine seconds), short time for acclimation to darkness, and low intensity of exposure did not induce maximum fluorescence levels. On both avocado cultivars, exposure to maximum light intensity for 7 seconds after 25 to 30 minutes of acclimation to darkness, was the most favorable combination allowing the measurement of photosynthetic efficiency.

Os parâmetros padronizados para avaliação do estresse fisiológico de plantas, tais como índice de clorofila: fluorescência do fotossistema II, são essenciais para medir as reações de plantas a condições de estresse. Para auxiliar na padronização dos parâmetros para os índices de clorofila de clorofilas a, b e total e a fluorescência do fotossistema II (Fv / Fm), que são indicadores fisiológicos de condições de estresse, mudas de 6 meses de idade, de Persea americana Mill. Cv. 'Duke7' e 'Toro canyon' foram avaliadas sob condições casa de vegetação. Para cada planta, índices de clorofila foram medidos da segunda até a décima quarta folha completamente expandida. A fluorescência foi medida na terceira, quinta, sétima e nona folha totalmente expandida, e determinada em função do tempo e intensidade de exposição à fonte de luz, assim como do tempo para pré-adaptação da folha no escuro; também foram comparados entre o lado direito e esquerdo das folhas. Os índices de clorofila não foram diferentes entre os lados direito e esquerdo das folhas, mas foram entre diferentes variedades com 'Duke 7' tendo o valor mais alto a partir da oitava folha, enquanto que as de 'Toro canyon' não mostraram diferença. Para Fv/Fm, houve interação entre os três fatores em ambas as cultivares. O tempo prolongado de exposição (nove segundos), tempo curto para aclimatação no escuro, e baixa intensidade de exposição não induziu níveis máximos de fluorescência. Em ambas as cultivares de abacate, 100% de exposição à intensidade máxima de luz durante 7 segundos, após 25 a 30 minutos de adaptação no escuro, foi a combinação mais adequada para a medição da eficiência fotossintética.

Physiologic parameters in female red-billed curassows (Crax blumenbachii) in rehabilitation / Parâmetros fisiológicos em fêmeas de mutum do Sudeste (Crax blumenbachii) em reabilitação

The present paper reports blood gas analysis, hematologic and micro bacteriologic information on four female Red-billed curassows, rescued from illegal wild animal trading, that were undergoing habilitation for reintroduction into the wild through Projeto Centrofauna/Botucatu-SP. There is a lack of physiological data on this species, endemic to the region of Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica), now under threat of extinction. This lack of information makes the clinical evaluation of these birds very difficult and has a direct and adverse effect on any of these birds received for medical treatment in hospitals, veterinary clinics and centers for research and conservation, as well as in reintroduction centers.

O presente artigo reporta dados inéditos de análise hemogasométrica, hematológica e bacteriológica de quatro fêmeas de Mutum do Sudeste, resgatadas do tráfico ilegal de animais silvestres e em processo de habilitação e reintrodução para vida-livre pelo Projeto Centrofauna, Botucatu/SP. Na literatura há uma falta de dados fisiológicos sobre esta espécie, endêmica da região da Mata Atlântica e ameaçada de extinção. Esta falta de informação faz com que avaliações clínicas nesta espécie aviária sejam muito difíceis de interpretar, causando um efeito direto e negativo nestas aves para a realização de tratamento médico em hospitais, clínicas veterinárias, centros de pesquisa e/ou conservação, bem como centros de reintrodução.

Safety evaluation of polyherbal Unani formulation -Deedan in Wistar rats.

Unani system of medicine is gaining popularity day by day owing to its efficiency, low cost, availability and to the safety of its formulations and drugs/medicines. The current study was aimed to determine the safety of a polyherbal Unani formulation named Deedan. A suspension of powdered Deedan at the dose of 300mg/kg of b. wt was orally administered to the male and female group of rats (n=5) for 90 days daily and then sacrificed. The biochemical and hematological parameters of treated rats were compared with respective control group of rats. Various vital organs/tissues were collected, examined, weighed and tissue samples were taken for histopathological studies of both the treated and control groups. Physiological parameters like water and feed consumption were also observed in all the groups. The treated rats (both males and females) were found to gain bodyweight normally. There was no effect of the drug on biochemical and hematological parameters as the changes were statistically insignificant. The histopathological studies revealed the normal appearance of tissues. The feed and water consumption in treated group of rats was found to be unaffected by the drug administration. The drug deedan was found to be safe at the dose of 300 mg/kg of body weight when administered orally to the rats for 90 days.

Design of monitoring system for physiological parameters of a crew / 军事医学

Objective To design a monitoring system of the state of life for a crew in order to ensure their life safety. Methods A wearable physiological parameter monitoring technology was used, and the fabric electrode and temperature sensors were embedded in the vest.The thress-lead electrode was used to extract ECG and respiration signal,temperature signals were collected with a thermistor of negative temperature parameters.Blood pressure and blood oxygen saturation were detected by a finger cuff type of blood oxygen sensors.The volume pulse wave velocity method was used to extract blood pressure signals,and the photoelectric measurement method was used to extract blood oxygen saturation signals.The state of life was evaluated by calculation of the times of respiration and divided into 4 states.Results and Conclusion The system is capable of low load dynamic monitoring of physiological parameters of a crew and evaluation of their state of life, contributing much to self-aid and buddy aid among the crew.

Physiological Parameters in the Blood of a Murine Stress-Induced Depression Model before and after Repeated Passive Exercise

BACKGROUND: Animal models are necessary to study the mechanism underlying the effects of exercise on depression but an effective procedure for exercise treatment and exercise effects on physiological parameters in a specific depression model need to be characterized. METHODS: Physiological parameters including lactate, partial pressue of O2 (pO2) and CO2 (pCO2) saturated O2 (sO2), pH, HCO3, total CO2 (TCO2), and base excess extracellular fluid (BEecf) levels in the blood were measured after treatment with passive exercise in normal mice and a stress-induced depression model. RESULTS: Normal mice or mice that were subjected to daily 2-hour restraint for 14 days (2 hoursx14 days of restraint) were placed on a running wheel that was rotating at a speed of 9 m/min for 1 hour per day for 1 to 21 days. After repeated exercise in mice that were previously subjected to 2 hoursx14 days restraint, plasma lactate levels decreased, the levels of pO2, sO2, and pH tended to increase, and the levels of pCO2 decreased in the absence of significant changes in HCO3, TCO2, and BEecf. However, none of these changes were additive to the stress effects or were much more severe than those induced after repeated passive exercise in normal mice. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that passive exercise for 1 hour daily for 14 to 21 consecutive days on a running wheel rotating at a speed of 9 m/min may be used as an exercise protocol without inducing severe additive effects on physiological burdens.

Comportamento ingestivo e respostas fisiológicas de novilhos submetidos a dietas com torta de amendoim / Intake behavior and physiological responses of steer fed with peanut cake diets

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição do farelo de soja por torta de amendoim no concentrado da dieta de novilhos, por meio do comportamento ingestivo e respostas fisiológicas. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos, dispostos em um quadrado latino 5 x 5. As dietas foram compostas de feno de tifton, milho moído, farelo de soja e torta de amendoim, constituídas de zero (100 por centode farelo de soja), 25, 50, 75 e 100 por cento de substituição por torta de amendoim no concentrado. Os níveis de torta de amendoim não influenciaram (P>0,05) as eficiências de ingestão e ruminação da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro. Em relação às atividades comportamentais, o único parâmetro em que se observou efeito da substituição foi o número de períodos de ócio no turno da manhã (P<0,05), no qual se constatou efeito linear crescente. A taxa de secreção salivar e a quebra de partículas foram semelhantes, pois não houve efeito (P>0,05) das dietas sobre as características de mastigação. Como não houve efeito (P>0,05) das dietas sobre as frequências respiratória, cardíaca e a temperatura retal, o calor endógeno produzido pela fermentação ruminal foi equivalente. A torta de amendoim, por conter aflatoxinas, quando fornecida em alta relação volumoso x concentrado, pode substituir o farelo de soja na dieta de novilhos, pois ocasiona comportamento ingestivo e respostas fisiológicas semelhantes...

This study aimed to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal with peanut cake in the concentrate of steer diets through intake behavior and physiological responses. Five steers, arranged in a 5 x 5 latin square design were used. The diets were composed of Tifton hay, ground corn, soybean meal and peanut cake, made from zero (100 percent soybean meal), 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent replacement for peanut cake in the concentrate. The levels of peanut cake did not influence (P>0.05) the intake and rumination efficiencies of dry matter and fiber in neutral detergent. Regarding the behavioral activities, the only parameter that observed a substitution effect was the number of idle periods in the morning shift (P<0.05) which had an increasing linear effect. The rate of salivary secretion and the particle breakdown were similar, because there was no effect (P>0.05) of the diets on the chewing characteristics. As there was no effect (P>0.05) of the diets on the respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature, the endogenous heat produced by rumen fermentation was equivalent. The peanut cake, by containing aflatoxin, when provided in high roughage x concentrate rate, can replace soybean meal in the steers' diet because it causes similar intake behavior and physiological responses...

Comparison of Selected Physical Fitness and Physiological Parameters of Footballers belonging to North-East and Other States.

The purpose of the study was to compare the selected physical fitness components and physiological parameters of football players belonged to North east and other states of India.For this purpose 50 (fifty) football players from North East and 50 (fifty) from other states who represented Inter-collegiate football tournament of S. G. B. Amravati University, Amravati were selected as the subjects for the present study.The age of the selected subject was ranged from 18 to 25 years. The data were collected on the selected subjects by administrating 50 mtr. Dash for speed, 4 x 10 mtr. Shuttle run for agility, standing board jump for explosive leg strength, 12 min. run and walk test for cardiovascular endurance, bend knee sit up for muscular endurance, dry spirometer for vital capacity, pulse count for 1 min. with stethoscope for heart rate, up and down movement of the abdomen in 1 min. for respiratory rate. To determine the signifi cant different if any between the selected groups independent t test was computed separately for each variable. The result showed the significant different in agility, explosive leg strength, respiratory rate and vital capacity. The finding also reveal that t he football players belonged to North east state were significantly superiorto the other states’ football players.

Zoological techniques parameters of Proechimys guyannensis(Rodentia, Echimydae) bred in captivity / Parâmetros zootécnicos de Proechimys guyannensis (Rodentia, Echimydae) criados em cativeiro

The rodents Proechimys guyannensis have led a great interest because they are considered as hosts to several pathogens causing zoological diseases. Therefore, it is important to know their biological and physiological parameters. The age at first cubs delivery and the average of birth interval per female were evaluated. The estimated age at puberty was 83 days. The number of pups born per delivery did not differ significantly when associated with the female mating age. However, an increase in the average mortality rate correlated with the increase in delivery number per female was detected. There is no statistical difference neither in the litter size in different seasons of the year, nor in the body weight between sexes for all ages. Differences were found in the daily water consumption and in the feed intake in animals with approximately 100 days of age, perhaps owing to the increased need for energy intake due to sexual activity or even because they had not reached adult weight yet. The parameters assessed in the present study are of relevance for maintaining this species in captivity as a laboratory animal.

Roedores da espécie Proechimys guyannensis têm motivado grande interesse por serem frequentementeconsiderados como hospedeiros de diversos agentes patogênicos causadores de doenças. É importanteestabelecer seus parâmetros biológicos e fisiológicos; neste contexto, foram avaliadas a idade ao primeiroparto e a média de intervalo de natalidade por fêmea. A idade à puberdade foi estimada em 83 dias.O número de filhotes nascidos por parto não diferiu significativamente com a idade das fêmeas aoacasalarem. Observou-se aumento da taxa média de mortalidade de acordo com o aumento do númerode partos por fêmea. Não houve diferença estatística no tamanho da ninhada em diferentes estações doano; tampouco houve diferença de peso entre os sexos. Foram detectadas diferenças no consumo diáriode água e no consumo de ração em animais com menos e mais de 100 dias de idade, talvez em funçãode aumento da necessidade de consumo de energia pela atividade sexual ou mesmo por ainda não teremalcançado o peso corporal de adulto. Os parâmetros apresentados são relevantes para a futura manutençãodesta espécie em cativeiro como animal de laboratório.

Gênero e distância influenciam preditores de desempenho em nadadores jovens / Género y la distancia de influencia predictores del rendimiento en nadadores jóvenes / Gender and distance influence performance predictors in young swimmers

Predictors of performance in adult swimmers are constantly changing during youth especially because the training routine begins even before puberty in the modality. Therefore this study aimed to determine the group of parameters that best predict short and middle swimming distance performances of young swimmers of both genders. Thirty-three 10-to 16-years-old male and female competitive swimmers participated in the study. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used considering mean speed of maximum 100, 200 and 400 m efforts as dependent variables, and five parameters groups as possible predictors (anthropometry, body composition, physiological and biomechanical parameters, chronological age/pubic hair). The main results revealed explanatory powers of almost 100% for both genders and all performances, but with different predictors entered in MLR models of each parameter group or all variables. Thus, there are considerable differences in short and middle swimming distance, and males and females predictors that should be considered in training programs.

Preditores de desempenho modificam-se constantemente na juventude devido ao início precoce das rotinas de treinamento sistematizado na natação. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo foi determinar o grupo de parâmetros que melhor prediz performances de curta e média distância em nadadores jovens de ambos os gêneros. Trinta e três nadadores competitivos de ambos os gêneros (10 a 16 anos) participaram do estudo. Foi utilizada regressão linear múltipla (RLM) considerando as velocidades médias de 100, 200 e 400m como variáveis dependentes, e cinco grupos de parâmetros como possíveis preditores (antropometria, composição corporal, parâmetros fisiológicos e biomecânicos, idade cronológica/ pilosidade pubiana). Os principais resultados revelaram poder de explicação próximo a 100% para ambos os gêneros em todas as performances, entretanto com diferentes preditores nos modelos de RLM. Logo, há consideráveis diferenças que devem ser consideradas em programas de treinamento entre preditores de performances de curta e média distância, para meninos e meninas.

Predictores de rendimiento en nadadores adultos cambian constantemente en la juventud, especialmente porque la rutina de entrenamiento comienza antes de la pubertad. Por tanto, el objetivo fue determinar el conjunto de parámetros que mejor predice el rendimiento de corta y media distancia de los nadadores de ambos sexos. Participaron 33 nadadores de ambos sexos (edad, 10-16 años). Regresión lineal múltiple fue usada considerando la velocidad promedio de 100, 200 y 400m como variables dependientes, y cinco grupos de parámetros como posibles predictores (antropometría, composición corporal, parámetros fisiológicos y biomecánicos, edad/vello púbico). Los principales resultados revelan explicación cercana al 100% para ambos sexos en todas las distancias, pero con diferentes modelos de predicción para cada grupo de parámetros o con todos los parámetros. Por tanto, existen diferencias considerables entre los predictores de cortas y media distancias en los niños y niñas que deben ser considerados en los programas de entrenamiento.

A preliminary study on understanding the multiple physiological parameters during sleep in light of traditional Chinese medicine / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective This study aimed to understand the continuous physiological parameters during sleep under the guidance of Chinese medical theory and clinical practice and to establish the method to diagnose the physical and mental status by analyzing nocturnal sleep data.Methods More than 2000 subjects were recruited in the nocturnal sleep examination using the micro-movement sensitive mattress sleep monitoring system.Based on the analysis of the sleep indices and nocturnal physiological parameters combined with clinical data,a hypothesis was put forward that sleep cycle could reflect the circulation status of qi and blood,as well as some preliminary exploration on revealing the status of qi,blood,yin and yang.Results Sleep structure could reflect the status of qi and blood circulation in different meridians according to the traditional Chinese time unit.Sleep structure and sleep cycle could show corresponding changes if there is morbidity in some meridian,zang-viscera and fu-viscera.Heart rate,respiration rate and other physiological parameters could reflect the alternative predominance of yin and yang.Conclusion Interpreting the physiological parameters during sleep could be a supplementary diagnosis method for Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation.

Impacto do estresse térmico sobre a fisiologia, reprodução e produção de caprinos / Impact of heat stress on the physiology, reproduction and production of goats

Apesar dos caprinos serem considerados animais rústicos, do ponto de vista bioclimático, a associação entre elevadas temperaturas, umidade e radiação solar pode acarretar alterações fisiológicas, hematológicas, hormonais, reprodutivas e produtivas. Portanto, informações que possam esclarecer o impacto do estresse térmico sobre a eficiência desses aspectos em caprinos, analisando o ambiente em que estão inseridos, e como se comportam frente às adversidades impostas pelo clima, darão uma grande contribuição para a caprinocultura e o fortalecimento de sua cadeia produtiva. Assim, para aumentar a produtividade nas regiões tropicais, deve ser ressaltada a criação de raças que apresentem maior potencial genético de adaptabilidade para uma condição climática adversa, sendo capazes de sobreviver, reproduzir e produzir em situações de estresse térmico.

Even though goats are considered rustic animals, regarding the bioclimatic aspect, the association of high temperature, humidity and solar radiation may cause physiological, hematological, hormonal, reproductive and productive changes. Therefore, information explaining the impact of heat stress on the efficiency of these aspects on goats by analyzing the surrounding environment and how these animals behave themselves before the adversities imposed by the climate, will give a great contribution to goat breeding and the strengthening of this productive chain. Thus, to increase the productivity in tropical regions, the breed of animals presenting a major genetic potential of adaptability to adverse climatic conditions must be emphasized breeds that may be able to survive, reproduce and produce efficiently in a situation of heat stress.